Periodontal disease is a progressive disease which affects surrounding tissues as well as supporting structures of teeth.  As plaque builds up on teeth, it releases toxins which infect the gum tissue.  Periodontal disease can be diagnosed by your dentist or dental hygienist during a periodontal examination, which should always be part of a regular dental examination.

To diagnose periodontal disease, a dental instrument known as a periodontal probe is used to gently measure the pocket (sulcus) between the tooth and gums.  A healthy sulcus is less than three millimeters in depth and does not bleed.  When periodontal disease is present, the pockets typically become deeper.  Inflammation, bleeding and tooth mobility can also be indicators of periodontal disease.

When diagnosing periodontal disease, the diagnosis will generally fall into one of the three following categories:

Gingivitis

Gingivitis is the earliest stage of periodontal disease and is reversible with proper treatment.  At this stage of the disease, plaque releases toxins which irritate and inflame the gums, causing them to bleed and feel tender.

Periodontitis

This type of periodontal disease is characterized by receding gums caused by the continued build up of calculus and plaque.  Deep gum pockets begin to form and become filled with bacteria.  The gums become very irritated and bleed easily.  Minor to moderate bone loss may also occur with periodontitis.

Advanced Periodontitis

As periodontitis becomes more advanced, the gums, bone and periodontal ligament continue to deteriorate.  This causes teeth to lose their support and, if left untreated, advanced periodontitis will lead to loose teeth and even tooth loss.  Moderate to severe bone loss may also be present when a patient suffers from advanced periodontitis.