While most people do not tend to think of periodontal disease, heart disease and stroke as going hand in hand, it turns out that the three conditions are indeed linked.  In fact, researchers have discovered that people with gum disease are twice as likely to suffer from heart disease.  Studies have also indicated that oral infections such as periodontal disease increase the risk of stroke.

Periodontal disease, also known as periodontitis, is a bacterial infection which causes damage to gum tissue as well as the bone and connecting tissue which support teeth.  Bacteria found in plaque cause irritation to gum tissue and lead to the formation of pockets between the gums and teeth as well as the tissue and bone damage described above.  Such damage can lead to shifting, loosening and loss of teeth.

Coronary heart disease results from a lack of oxygen reaching the heart.  This occurs when the coronary arteries become clogged by the accumulation of fatty proteins.  When the heart does not receive sufficient oxygen, it has to work harder to supply blood to the body.  In some cases, patients with coronary heart disease will develop blood clots which further restrict the ability of oxygen and nutrients to reach the heart.  For many patients, the result will be a heart attack.

The Connection

Since periodontal disease can clearly make heart conditions worse, periodontists and cardiologists will often work together to treat patients suffering from both conditions.

While several theories exist which could explain the connection between periodontal disease, heart disease and stroke, some of the leading theories include the following:

• Oral bacteria affecting the heart:  It has been found that bacteria present in the mouth can enter the bloodstream and attach to fatty plaques which have accumulated in the coronary arteries.  This contributes to clot formation and the reduction of the amount of oxygen and nutrients reaching the heart.
• Inflammation:  As the inflammation caused by periodontal disease increases, the patient's white blood cell count and C-reactive protein levels also increase.  Researchers have linked high levels of C-reactive proteins to heart disease.
• Susceptibility to infections:  Individuals who are susceptible to infections due to a weak immune system are more likely to experience high levels of oral bacteria and may also have an inadequate host inflammatory response.  Together, these factors may contribute to the development of heart disease.

 Diagnosis and Treatment

Considering the link between periodontal disease and heart disease and stroke, it is vital to receive immediate treatment for oral infections.  The dental professional will assess the condition of the teeth, gum tissue and jawbone and will determine the extent of any bone loss.

Once the assessment is complete, a deep cleaning treatment known as scaling and root planing can be performed to remove debris and tartar deposits from the periodontal pockets.  Treatment may also include the use of antibiotics to clear and prevent the progression of the infection.  Of course, prevention of periodontal disease is highly important and can generally be achieved through proper home care and regular dental checkups.

If you have questions or concerns about periodontal disease and its relation to heart disease and stroke, please ask your dentist.