While we have long known that risk factors such as smoking and drinking alcohol can contribute to the premature birth of babies and low birth weight, research studies have shown that pregnant women with periodontal disease can also expose their unborn children to certain risks.  This is particularly true when the expectant mother also suffers from diabetes.

Periodontal disease is a progressive bacterial infection which, if left untreated, can destroy gum tissue and underlying bone and support structures.  The body's inflammatory response to this disease causes spaces or pockets to form between the teeth and gums.  As the gum tissue and jawbone become damaged, teeth can become loose and fall out.

The hormonal changes experienced by pregnant women increase the risk for the development of periodontal disease.  Expectant mothers suffering from periodontal disease should seek treatment from a dental professional immediately as the condition has been linked to pre-natal and post-natal complications such as preeclampsia, premature birth and low birth weight.

The Connection

There are several ways in which periodontal disease could have a negative effect on an expectant mother and her unborn child:

• Prostaglandin:  Woman suffering from the more advanced stages of periodontal disease often experience elevated levels of prostaglandin.  This labor-inducing compound can lead to premature birth as well as low birth weight.
• C-reactive protein:  CRP has been linked with pregnancy complications such as preeclampsia and premature birth.  CRP levels rise when periodontal infections occur and elevated CRP levels can cause arteries to become blocked, increasing the risk for heart attack or stroke.
• Spreading bacteria:  The bacteria found in periodontal pockets can easily enter the bloodstream and travel to other parts of the body.  Research studies have indicated that oral bacteria can colonize in the mammary glands and coronary arteries of pregnant women.

Diagnosis and Treatment

Pregnant women suffering from periodontal disease can be treated through a variety of safe and non-surgical treatment methods.  To begin with, the woman's dentist will assess the condition of her teeth, gums and jawbone.  Once the assessment is complete, non-surgical, deep cleaning treatment methods such as scaling and root planing can be employed to remove bacteria and toxins from the gum pockets.

Seeking immediate treatment for periodontal disease is extremely beneficial to pregnant women as the above-mentioned treatments can reduce the risk of pregnancy complications caused by periodontal disease by up to 50%.  Receiving prompt treatment will also reduce and prevent many of the harmful effects and symptoms associated with periodontal disease.

Naturally, the best way to reduce the risk of pregnancy complications associated with periodontal infections is to prevent such infections.  Dental professionals can provide information and recommendations on effective home care and lifestyle and dietary changes which can significantly reduce the risk to an expectant mother and her unborn child.

If you have any questions or concerns about periodontal disease and its affect on pregnancy, please ask your dentist.